AVIH0016 — Navigate aircraft under night visual flight rules

Elements & performance criteria

Performance evidence

• adapting to differences in equipment and operating environment in accordance with standard operating procedures (SOPs)
• applying air safety practices and regulations
• applying altimetry procedures to all stages of a night visual flight
• applying operational requirements that apply to planning a flight on the basis of conducting an area navigation (RNAV) global navigation satellite system (GNSS) procedure at the destination
• applying relevant aeronautical knowledge
• applying relevant legislation and workplace procedures
• calculating heading to steer to intercept a new or original track to or from a non-directional beacon (NDB)
• calculating heading to steer to intercept desired inbound track before reaching an NDB
• calculating lowest safe altitude (LSALT) for a night visual flight for a route published on a chart
• calculating LSALT when uncertain of position
• calculating relative bearing that will indicate a desired track to or from an NDB has been intercepted, given the intercept heading
• calculating the heading to steer to intercept a new or original track to or from a very high frequency (VHF) omni directional radio range (VOR)
• calculating track to and from an NDB given heading and relative bearings
• communicating effectively with others
• completing relevant documentation
• determining NDB station passage, abeam NDB station, NDB bearing the aircraft is on, track error and/or drift experienced, from an automatic direction finder (ADF) relative bearing indications
• determining off-track distance experienced from VOR and distance measuring equipment (DME) cockpit indications
• determining route for night visual flight with respect to: - forecast weather - controlled airspace, including prohibited, restricted and danger (PRD) areas - specified route limitations - airways operational requirements - availability of published routes - en route alternate aerodromes - navigation aids - rated coverage - radio communication
• determining scalloping, VOR station passage, abeam VOR station, VOR radial the aircraft is on, track error and/or drift experienced, from VOR cockpit indications
• determining flight calculations, including: - time made good (TMG) - ground speed (GS) - estimated time of arrival (ETA) - time and distance to waypoint (WPT) - wind velocity (WV) in-flight
• determining whether a flight may proceed based on route, aircraft equipment and NVFR navigation requirements
• identifying and correctly using equipment required when navigating an aircraft under NVFR
• implementing contingency plans
• implementing work health and safety (WHS)/occupational health and safety (OHS) procedures and relevant regulations
• interpreting DME or global positioning system (GPS) arrival information
• interpreting typical GPS navigational displays latitude/longitude, distance and bearing to waypoint, course deviation indications (CDI)
• implementing aviation risk management processes to minimise, control or eliminate hazards that may exist while navigating an aircraft under NVFR
• maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements
• maintaining interception and maintenance of GNSS defined tracks
• managing abnormal operations and emergency procedures in control area (CTA), control zone (CTR), or Class G airspace and at non-controlled aerodromes
• modifying activities depending on workplace contingencies, situations and environments
• monitoring and anticipating operational problems and hazards and taking appropriate action
• monitoring work activities in terms of planned schedule
• operating electronic communications equipment to required protocol
• performing DME procedures, including: - fixing position, given cockpit instrument indications utilising two VHF VOR stations - fixing position, given instrument indications utilising combinations of VOR, - NDB and DME - fixing position, given relative bearing indications utilising two NDB stations
• performing NDB approaches, including: - calculating heading to steer to intercept a new or original track to or from an NDB - calculating heading to steer to intercept desired inbound track before reaching an NDB - calculating relative bearing that will indicate desired track to or from an NDB has been intercepted, given the intercept heading - calculating track to and from an NDB, given heading and relative bearings - determining NDB station passage, abeam NDB station, NDB bearing the aircraft is on, tracking error and/or drift experienced, from automatic direction finder relative bearing indications - fixing position, given relative bearing indications utilising two NDB stations
• performing GNSS procedures, including: - interpreting DME or GNSS arrival information - interpreting typical GNSS navigational displays, including latitude/longitude, distance and bearing to waypoint, CDI
• performing VHF VOR approaches, including: - calculating the heading to steer to intercept a new or original track to or from a VOR - determining off-track distance experienced from VOR and DME cockpit indications - determining scalloping, VOR station passage, abeam VOR station, VOR radial the aircraft is on, tracking error and/or drift experienced from VOR cockpit indications - fixing position, given cockpit instrument indications utilising two VOR stations - fixing position, given instrument indications utilising combinations of VOR, NDB and DME
• performing NVFR navigational functions within the parameters of authorised regulations, orders and operations manual procedures
• predicting availability of approach receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) at destination or alternate aerodrome and limitations that apply to the prediction
• reading, interpreting and following relevant regulations, instructions, procedures, information and signs
• recognising and taking appropriate action for GNSS warnings and messages
• recognising significant variances from forecast meteorological conditions and taking appropriate actions, including issuing an air report (AIREP)
• reporting and/or rectifying problems, faults or malfunctions promptly in accordance with workplace procedures
• selecting and using required personal protective equipment (PPE) conforming to industry and WHS standards
• sourcing and interpreting aviation weather forecast products and services appropriate to flight planning and navigation procedures
• working systematically with required attention to detail without injury to self or others, or damage to goods or equipment.

Knowledge evidence

• abnormal operations and emergency procedures in CTA, CTR, Class G airspace and at non-controlled aerodromes
• aerodrome landing area (ALA) or helicopter landing site (HLS) dimension and lighting requirements for fixed or rotary wing NVFR operations
• aerodrome operations where surrounding light is limited
• airways clearance requirements for entering, operating in and departing CTA and CTR, including what details to provide to air traffic control (ATC), and what details to expect from ATC
• airways clearance requirements for operating in all classes of airspace, including lead time required for flight plan submission, contents, clearance void time and read back requirement
• alternate aerodrome planning requirements
• altimetry procedures to all stages of a night visual flight
• ATC procedures relevant to NVFR operations
• ATC requirements for a change of level in CTA, including in an emergency
• compulsory reporting points for route selected
• controlled area protection
• departure, climb, transition to cruise (levelling out), cruise, change of levels, descent and visual approach procedures at night, in CTA, CTR, Class G airspace and at non-controlled aerodromes
• dimensions of the significant safety sector when calculating LSALT for a route not published on a chart
• DME, including: - DME or GNSS arrival information - DME or GNSS arrival procedures and limitations in all classes of airspace - pilot responsibilities when DME or GNSS arrival is conducted outside controlled airspace - conditions permitting descent below LSALT - procedure for joining circuit using a DME or GNSS arrival - principles of operation of DME or GNSS radio equipment - procedures for handling loss of radio communication during a DME or GNSS arrival - explanation of conditions for descent below LSALT
• GNSS, including: - principles of operation, performance limitations and errors of a GNSS system - methods of position fixing using a GNSS system - GNSS operating procedures for typical navigational tasks using a specific type of aircraft equipment - GNSS operating procedures that provide safeguards against navigational errors and loss of situational awareness - indications of waypoint passage - GNSS operational and serviceability checks - human factor limitations associated with using GNSS equipment - requirements applicable to pilots and equipment for GNSS operations - parameters applicable to tracking tolerances, automatic waypoint sequencing, CDI sensitivity and RAIM availability - mode of operation required during each segment of a GNSS/NPA, conditions required to transition to and operate in that mode, and associated CDI sensitivity and RAIM protection provided - parameters applicable to RAIM warnings in en route, terminal and approach modes - effect of availability or otherwise of baro-aiding on RAIM availability and prediction - effect of satellite unserviceability on reliability of each type of prediction - effect of each type of RAIM prediction operational requirements - operational requirements that apply to planning a flight on the basis of conducting an area navigation RNAV (GNSS) procedure at the destination - factors that may adversely affect the conduct of a GNSS/NPA and suitable pilot procedures to minimise such effects - operating procedures for GNSS equipment that reduce or eliminate errors due to any of these factor
• human factors and physiological limitations for conducting NVFR operations
• loss of radio communication procedures in CTA, CTR, Class G airspace and at non-controlled aerodromes
• maximum permissible time interval in between ATC transmissions during radar vectoring
• methods of establishing and calculating LSALT, including: - from published charts - for route not published - position uncertainty
• minimum NVFR aircraft equipment requirements
• navigation requirements for a night visual flight using radio, self-contained or long-range navigation systems
• navigation requirements for a night visual flight using visual reference to ground and water
• navigation requirements for night visual flight with respect to time interval between fixes, accuracy of time reference, and accuracy and procedures in track-keeping
• navigation route requirements for NVFR: - forecast weather - CTA - PRD - engine out performance for multi-engine aircraft - specified route limitations - airways operational requirements - availability of published routes - en route - alternate aerodromes - navigation aids - rated coverage - radio communication
• navigation tolerance for a night visual flight avoiding CTA
• NDB, including: - effects of coastal refraction, night error, thunderstorms, mountainous areas, types of terrain and altitude of aircraft on NDB indications or range - methods of selecting and using the most appropriate NDB for tracking during navigation - NDB position fixing, tracking techniques, procedures and limitations
• operation of VHF aerodrome lighting pilot activated lighting (PAL)
• pre-flight altimeter accuracy check for a night visual flight
• principles of operations, limitations and errors for NVFR radio navigation systems
• privileges and limitations of NVFR rating
• procedures of night visual flight in all classes of airspace when diverting from track due to navigation or weather
• radar emergency procedures, including loss of radio communication, radar failure, transponder emergency codes and aircraft emergencies
• radar services that are provided by ATC
• radar vectoring procedures, including radio procedures and phraseologies
• radio procedures in CTA, CTR, Class G airspace and at non-controlled aerodromes
• requirements and procedure for a diversion to an alternate aerodrome
• requirements for departure and descent for clearance from terrain
• requirements for positive radio fixing and the most precise track guidance
• separation provisions between NVFR flights, and IFR and VFR flights in the various classes of CTA
• separation provisions between NVFR flights, and instrument flight rules (IFR) and VFR flights in General Aviation Aerodrome Procedures (GAAP) CTR
• VHF VOR, including: - VOR instrument settings required to provide command indications when flying on given tracks both to and from the VOR - VOR tracking techniques, procedures and limitations.

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Questions about assessing AVIH0016